2010/06/25
A badge of honour to recognise water-saving efforts
In recent years, environmental buzzwords such as green consumerism, green products, green business and green economy have been discussed amongst the business community. Increasingly, more and more people have come to the realisation that sustainable development is no longer a choice but a way of life in many aspects of our society.
The business community is seeking engagement in green activities through Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) programmes. Penang is relatively developed in terms of business and industrial activities.
Leading companies from multinational corporations and hoteliers have taken initiatives to cultivate a green image for their organisations. One reason is that our exporters are forced to comply with the more stringent standards and requirements of the overseas market.
Last week, Penang Chief Minister Lim Guan Eng presented the Penang state government and Penang Water Supply Corporation's (PBA) 'carrot-and-stick' approach towards water conservation efforts. Under the scheme, a penalty is imposed on those who uses excessive water whilst allowing those who don't to continue to enjoy the lowest water tariffs in Malaysia.
Penang currently subsidises RM41 million per year to maintain the lowest water tariffs in the country. It's domestic consumers currently use an average of 286 litres of water per person per day, far exceeding the UN recommendation of 165 litres per person per day.
The state government hopes that the water conservation penalty surcharge will help to reduce the daily consumption to 233 litres per day.
Apart from the proposed Water Conservation Surcharge, both parties have also introduced a water efficiency excellence certification programme named 'Aqua Save'. The latter is designed to recognise water-friendly organisations.
'Aqua Save' not only encourages the applicants to look into water efficiency approaches but also emphasises on how they engage their staff and workers. The hope is that water conservation efforts will eventually translate into money-saving exercises and benefit society in general.
The eco-labelling scheme first started in Germany around three decades ago as more businesses found that a green image and green approaches to business can generate revenue. In order to prevent 'greenwashing' in the market, more and more eco-labels have been imposed on products and services by the authorities in developed countries.
In Singapore, business groups are encouraged to apply for eco-labels such as Singapore Green Label and Eco-office label. Instead of getting back cash awards, the applicant has to pay a certain amount in application fees. Certified bodies has not only proved their efficiency in managing their resources but also shown their commitment towards the environment – and worn it as a badge of honour by printing the award logo on their products, name cards, newsletter and signboards.
As an eco-label, it is timely that Penang Aqua Save is being introduced to organisations that have shown commitment to water conservation efforts and green initiatives as even the federal government is putting emphasis on promoting eco-labelling systems in the 10th Malaysia Plan.
Our society needs reputable, credible and internationally recognized eco-labels so that both the business community and the consumers will be promoted and protected. Such an eco-labelling scheme would create new economic opportunities, whether directly or indirectly.
If the National Water Services Commission (Span) utilised their resources and laboratories, as well as certified the water-saving devices manufactured locally, this would definitely help the manufacturers in promoting their products.
The writer is special assistant to the chief minister of Penang
2010/06/02
多元物种、星球、未来,可有可无?
【独立新闻在线专栏】同一件事,在很多人眼里往往是不同的结论,正如从高空俯瞰一望无际的油棕园时,经济学家会说:“看哪,一大片一大片的黄金”,环保人士会说:“可怜的森林及动物们……”,从事与油棕业上下游相关行业的人们就会说:“这是我全家的饭碗!”
2010年6月5日是第39个世界环境日,联合国环境规划署将2010年世界环境日的主题定为“多个物种,一个星球,一个未来(Many Species. One Planet. One Future)”。
在众多环境议题,“多元物种消失”可说是最难被理解、最难与众人的切身利益扯上直接关系,因此,也较难获得众人的关注。
在 宣扬多元物种的重要性时,若用普通人的语言来解释任何一个物种对生态系统的重要性也是非常具挑战性的,宣传者大多数只能从“欣赏”、“美学”的角度来唤起 民众的敏感神经线。然而,仅仅那几秒钟的文字或视觉刺激,还是阻止不了人们的“没有了老虎,我又不会死”的“人类至上”心理作祟,因此,我们看到老虎继续 被捕杀、鱼翅继续上桌、动物毛皮继续成为女人的时尚。
经济活动的破坏
哪里可以找到“多元物种”?绝对不是城市,城市里只有被分裂和异化的人格、人类,很多人,除了同类,认为动植物都是古怪又肮脏的东西,能吃的,尽量吃下肚。
森林和海洋是多元物种最直接的联系。然而,全世界的森林正以惊人速度消失,多元物种必须让路给种植业、农业中的单一作物,让人类继续发财。
2007年,英国政府出资聘请经济学者完成了一份报告,将生态系统及多元物种的破坏与其对经济活动及表现串联起来,将抽象的问题具体化、数据化。
报告列出了多元物种的消失,源自污染、气候变化、发展、滥捕狂猎、以及热带雨林、湿地及海洋生物栖息地的消失,衍生的问题就是食物及药物短缺、修复成本高昂的水患及土崩、人们最后需为受污染的空气、水源买单及继续将剥削大自然赚来的金钱用在天灾人祸的拯救工作。
在上个月于沙巴举行的国际油棕永续性大会上,种植部长博纳东博在致开幕词时,试图证明政府采取了平衡的土地开发政策,每开发一公顷的油棕园必定保留四公顷的保护林,以确保种植业能够与野生动物、多元物种及环境和谐共处。
他也反驳外界的批评说,人猿数量的减少及森林动物的流离失所不能归咎于油棕种植业,而沙巴及砂拉越两州的50%土地属于永久森林地,油棕业者也通过成立2000万元的“马来西亚油棕野生运动保育基金”,参与野生动物及多元物种的保育工作。
稀有动物濒临绝种
但是,沙巴旅游、文化及环境部长马西迪曼军在致词中,却道出了沙巴州稀有品种野生动物如苏门答腊犀牛、矮象、人猿等正面临绝种的危机的事实。
他甚至危言耸听地说,由于种植业的发展导致森林地段被切割成零散(fragmentation)的森林,动物们所需要的栖息范围变小、遭破坏,一些地段的森林中,甚至只能找到一只犀牛。
如果再不采取行动,将这些零散的森林结合起来,我们可能变成能在沙巴看见野生犀牛的最后一代人。
油棕种植与物种保育矛盾
野 生动物需要大片的森林供他们移动、寻找食物,一旦森林被开发成“袋状森林”(Pocketed area),它们就会失去栖息地、食物来源,最后还会与人类新开垦的地区起冲突(那可能只是它们原本的活动轨迹,反过来说,是人类闯入了它们的地盘),因 为它们无法像“家园变成大道”的雪州原住民那样,还有控诉的能力与机会,最终获得650万元的赔偿。
从上述两名部长矛盾性的言论可以看出,油棕种植与多元物种的保育工作根本是存在矛盾的。
马 来西亚著名经济学家佐摩(Prof Jomo Kwame Sundaram)曾指出, 1997年的经济危机发生时,救了马来西亚经济的不是马币和美金挂钩,而是大马最道地的行业棕油业。棕油业是马来西亚原产品市场的主干,在2009年为国 家出口带来496亿元的收入。全球超过150个国家使用我国出产的棕油,这是因为棕油广泛应用于食品和非食品用途,它还具备成为未来主流燃料的巨大潜能。
这种情况下,所谓的寻找平衡的、负责任的种植方式,或者发展所谓的“可持续发展棕油认证”(RSPO),其实是业者在备受批评后的补救工作,以证明本身并非“只懂赚钱,不顾生态环境的一群”,当然,聊胜于无。
无能的经济单元化恶果
我们应该检讨,在沙巴州,为何拥有农耕地超过500公顷的地主,没有按照地契规定保留25%的土地供野生动物走廊却不受法律对付?研究证明,每公顷油棕园的生产潜能是至少18吨棕油,为什么我国园主平均只能生产4吨?
我国在联合国承诺过会保留50%的土地面积为森林面积,但是,我们要保留的是野生动物的森林走廊,而不是东一块、西一块的袋状森林,更不是像柔佛州政府那样,连国家公园周围的缓冲区也砍个精光。
看 到我们的部长那么辛苦地为油棕业解释、掩饰、辩护,很烦。尊贵的部长们,倒不如干脆、坦白、直接地说出心底话:油棕是我们的命根,油棕是养活几十万国民的 “红金”。是我们无能,把一个资源丰富、得天独厚的国家经济搞得如此单元化、国民就业选择机会那么少。眼前,我们必须开辟更多森林,牺牲一些没有什么经济 价值的野生动物(当然,保育的门面功夫还是要做一点),这样人民才不会失业、国家才不会破产…… ,外国环保分子吵什么?没有棕油,他们的生活也会很难过。
邓晓璇是英国英吉利亚大学发展学硕士,现为环保政治工作者。
2010/06/01
百万分之一的机率也输不起
《火箭报专栏》
我谨此向全马的火箭同志、尊重生命、
能源、
主流报章大多只突显“核能是清洁能源”,
我国没有准备好。九流的管理思维是一切伟大计划的毒药,
由于独立发电厂的存在,我国目前已拥有40% 能源储备量,现有能源消耗量是1万4000兆瓦,产能则是2万3
国能的主要负责人曾经在一项论坛上公开回应出席者的疑虑时说:“
兴建核能发电厂在任何先进国都是重大的决策,
腐败的政府可以让所有宏愿全盘皆落索,